PostgreSQL三种关闭方式的区别
1、使用smart参数关闭数据库:smart：最为安全，但最慢，需要将所有连接都断开后，才会关库，默认关库模式。
smart: 等所有的连接中止后，关闭数据库。如果客户端连接不终止， 则无法关闭数据库。
$ pg_ctl stop -D $PGDATA -m smart
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
$
使用smart参数关闭数据库的日志：
2025-09-06 19:40:20.479 CST LOG: received smart shutdown request
2025-09-06 19:40:20.480 CST LOG: background worker "logical replication launcher" (PID 56241) exited with exit code 1
2025-09-06 19:40:20.480 CST LOG: shutting down
2025-09-06 19:40:20.485 CST LOG: database system is shut down
2、使用fast参数关闭数据库:
fast：强制中断会话，而不管有操作有没有提交，在做系统维护（系统维护时一般应用都正常关闭了，或者不再会有事务操作。）时，需要这种模式来关闭数据库。
fast: 快速关闭数据库， 断开客户端的连接，让已有的事务回滚，然后正常关闭数据库。
$ pg_ctl stop -D $PGDATA -m fast
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
使用fast参数关闭数据库的日志：
2025-09-06 19:40:59.477 CST LOG: received fast shutdown request
2025-09-06 19:40:59.478 CST LOG: aborting any active transactions
2025-09-06 19:40:59.478 CST LOG: background worker "logical replication launcher" (PID 56266) exited with exit code 1
2025-09-06 19:40:59.479 CST LOG: shutting down
2025-09-06 19:40:59.484 CST LOG: database system is shut down
3、使用immediate参数关闭数据库:
immediate：最暴力的方式，不管数据有没有落盘（POSGRE是遵循WAL机制），就直接关掉，待启动时进行实例恢复，如果在关库前有大量的事务没有写入磁盘，那这个恢复过程可能会非常的漫长。
immediate: 立即关闭数据库，立即停止数据库进程，直接退出，下次启动时会进行实例恢复。
$ pg_ctl stop -D $PGDATA -m immediate
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
$
使用immediate参数关闭数据库的日志：
2025-09-06 19:41:40.311 CST LOG: received immediate shutdown request
2025-09-06 19:41:40.313 CST WARNING: terminating connection because of crash of another server process
2025-09-06 19:41:40.313 CST DETAIL: The postmaster has commanded this server process to roll back the current transaction and exit, because another server process exited abnormally and possibly corrupted shared memory.
2025-09-06 19:41:40.313 CST HINT: In a moment you should be able to reconnect to the database and repeat your command.
2025-09-06 19:41:40.315 CST LOG: database system is shut down
4、数据目录：
$ echo $PGDATA
/usr/local/postgresql/data
5、启动数据库：
$ pg_ctl start -D $PGDATA
waiting for server to start....2025-09-06 19:40:40.221 CST LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process
2025-09-06 19:40:40.221 CST HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "log".
done
server started
$
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